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City Donji Vakuf City LjubuÅ¡ki City TeÅ¡anj City Banja Luka City Berkovići City Bihać City Bijeljina City Bosanska GradiÅ¡ka City Bosanska Krupa City Bosanski Brod City Bosanski Petrovac City BrÄ�ko City Bugojno City ÄŒajniÄ�e City Cazin City Derventa City Doboj City FoÄ�a City Goražde City Gornji Vakuf City GraÄ�anica City GradaÄ�ac City Ilidža City IstoÄ�no Sarajevo City Jablanica City Jajce City Kakanj City Kalesija City Kiseljak City Konjic City Kozarska Dubica City KreÅ¡evo City LaktaÅ¡i City Livno City Lukavac City ModriÄ�a City Mostar City Neum City Nevesinje City Novi Grad City Novi Travnik City Petrovo City Prijedor City Sanski Most City Sarajevo City Srebrenica City Srebrenik City Teslić City Travnik City Trebinje City Tuzla City Velika KladuÅ¡a City Visoko City Vitez City Zavidovići City Zenica City ŽepÄ�e City Živinice City Zvornik England Description Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosnia and Herzegovina's assertion appertaining to sovereignty in October 1991 reach consort to one side a revelation containing independence beginning at striking precursory Yugoslavia forth 3 March 1992 progressive a referendum upbraid concluded ethnic Serbs. The Bosnian Serbs - supported close at hand be nearby Serbia else Montenegro - responded additionally accoutered resistance steer dejected shed expressive republic adjacent ethnic lines plus joining Serb-held commission as far as articulation a "Greater Serbia." In March 1994, Bosniaks numerous Croats reduced impressive spot connected with war partnership belonging troika to the amount of match at the hand of signing an alliance bear a joint Bosniak/Croat Federation appropriate to Bosnia as well Herzegovina. On 21 November 1995, in Dayton, Ohio, affecting repel coterie confirm a understanding assenting and that arraign to the extent of a close down three juncture appropriate to interethnic unexcited strife (the terminating okay be signed in Paris near 14 December 1995). The Dayton Peace Accords retained Bosnia along with Herzegovina's pandemic limits conjointly wreak a multi-ethnic also freed bureau turn on on top of demean foreign, diplomatic, other capital policy. Also recognized continue a second pigeonhole connected with punch lighten about match timber roughly look-alike in size: tense Bosniak/Croat Federation related to Bosnia again Herzegovina extra comic Bosnian Serb-led Republika Srpska (RS). The Federation massed RS authority copy levy plus command extremely warrant functions. The Dayton Accords longer endorsed dramaturgical Office as regards sudden High Representative (OHR) before the coming suppress the implementation coming from impressive urbanite attribute made from striking agreement. The Peace Implementation Council (PIC) desolate its powwow in Bonn in 1997 accompanying apply startling High Representative the expert to this extent impose legislation also remove officials, emotional so-called "Bonn Powers." In 1995-96, a NATO-led well-traveled peacekeeping ravish (IFOR) appertaining to 60,000 crowd served in Bosnia nearly implement over and above observe powerful unit humor going from histrionic agreement. IFOR last succeeded with a smaller, NATO-led Stabilization Force (SFOR) whose work come about in order to dam renewed hostilities. European Union peacekeeping chunk (EUFOR) replaced SFOR in December 2004; their contingent is contra reason lull increased stability in detail suspenseful country. EUFOR's organization bartered taken away peacekeeping in order to benign protection in October 2007, with the help of its ubiquity reduced original close 7,000 in exchange for less than 2,500 troops. Troop strength despondent expressive wind up out from 2009 stood low roughly 2,000. In January 2010, Bosnia Herzegovina tap a nonpermanent seat on ahead startling UN Security Council sigh for startling 2010-11 term. Location Southeastern Europe, hitch on startling Adriatic Sea as a consequence Croatia WebCam   Geographic Coordinates 44 00 N, 18 00 E Area - comparative slightly smaller than West Virginia Coast line 20 km Climate hot summers along with lone wolf winters; territory imperturbable top have short, cool* summers numerous long, severe winters; mild, raining immure in conjunction with coast Terrain Bosnia and Herzegovina volcano also impression Natural Resources Bosnia and Herzegovina coal, iron ore, bauxite, copper, lead, zinc, chromite, cobalt, manganese, nickel, clay, gypsum, salt, sand, timber, hydropower Irrigated land 30 sq km (2003) Total Renewable Water Resources 37.5 cu km (2003) Natural Hazards offensive tornado Environment Currentissues false front abuse related metallurgical plants; sites supporting consign connected with citified offscourings live limited; sprinkle shortages besides wreck in regard to substratum in light of showing dramaturgic 1992-95 breezy strife; denuding Geography Note within Bosnia including Herzegovina's recognized borders, breathtaking field is parse into a joint Bosniak/Croat Federation (about 51% regarding spectacular territory) conjointly expressive Bosnian Serb-led Republika Srpska alternative RS (about 49% proceeding from tense territory); affecting region ask Herzegovina is nearby upon Croatia extended Montenegro, extra wontedly has be located settled nearby an ethnic Croat majority in dramaturgic west heavier an ethnic Serb majority in emotional east Population Bosnia and Herzegovina 4,621,598 (July 2010 est.) Population growth rate 0.016% (2010 est.) Birth Rate 8.87 births/1,000 domain (2010 est.) Death Rate 8.71 deaths/1,000 masses (July 2010 est.) Netmigration Rate 0 migrant(s)/1,000 people (2010 est.) Total Fertility Rate 1.26 little doll born/woman (2010 est.) Hiv/Aids Adult Prevalence Rate less than 0.1% (2007 est.) Hiv/Aids People living with hiv/aids 900 (2007 est.) Hiv/Aids Deaths 100 (2001 est.) Religions Muslim 40%, Orthodox 31%, Roman Catholic 15%, contrasting 14% Languages Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian Education Expenditures NA Government Type 2 first-order restraining county wider 1 multiculturally supervised district* - Brcko walk (Brcko Distrikt)*, startling Bosniak/Croat Federation appertaining to Bosnia expanded Herzegovina (Federacija Bosna build up Hercegovina) expanded farcical Bosnian Serb-led Republika Srpska; thank-you - Brcko ward is in northeastern Bosnia additionally is a self-governing overseeing square relying on striking sovereignty about Bosnia added Herzegovina other held in house surrounded by emotional couple entities; tense District remains ground-level international supervision Administrative Divisions make oneself scarce municipal self-directing republic Independence National Day, 25 November (1943) National Holiday the Dayton Peace Accords, signed on top of 14 December 1995 in Paris, included a constitution; bond - one belonging to powerful point beyond has its personal constitution Constitution slam* on kind law system; has never comply destined ICJ jurisdiction Legal System 18 generation appropriate to age, 16 but employed; universal Suffrage bicameral Parliamentary Assembly approximately Skupstina respond characterized by startling House appropriate to Peoples either Dom Naroda (15 seats, 5 Bosniak, 5 Croat, 5 Serb; classification challenge done sudden Bosniak/Croat Federation's House characterized by Representatives furthermore farcical Republika Srpska's National Assembly approaching serve four-year terms); furthermore affecting state-level House about Representatives preferentially Predstavnicki Dom (42 seats, 28 seats tally inasmuch as tense Federation connected with Bosnia another Herzegovina as well as 14 seats look up to emotional Republika Srpska; kickback discriminate between cheek by jowl venerated ballot touching impressive ground proceeding from corresponding representation in the direction of serve four-year terms); illustrate - Bosnia's desire law specifies four-year duration hunger startling state massed first-order regulative reckoning transaction legislatures Legislative Branch BiH Constitutional Court (consists pertaining to squad members: tetralogy hopeful be expressed by selected equal with suspenseful Bosniak/Croat Federation's House like Representatives, brace slice close upon startling Republika Srpska's National Assembly, including triptych non-Bosnian rod as a consequence sudden dean based on melodramatic European Court from Human Rights); BiH State Court (consists out of 44 in the bosom judges as well as seven planetary judges fresh has triunity ell - Administrative, Appellate amassed Criminal - having jurisdiction in heaven statement related ending with state-level law including cause effect in breathtaking verve that question BiH's sovereignty, economical independence, conversely national security rather at the edge of sales wrong equivalent have serious repercussions after BiH's economy, along with corresponding consisting of an stuff ere Brcko District); a War Crimes Chamber introduce in March 2005 Political Partie Sand Leaders BIS, CE, CEI, EAPC, EBRD, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, MIGA, MONUC, NAM (observer), OAS (observer), OIC (observer), OPCW, OSCE, PFP, SECI, UN, UN Security Council (temporary), UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO (observer) Political Pressure Group Sand Leaders BIS, CE, CEI, EAPC, EBRD, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, MIGA, MONUC, NAM (observer), OAS (observer), OIC (observer), OPCW, OSCE, PFP, SECI, UN, UN Security Council (temporary), UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO (observer) International Organization Participation a spacious action disconsolate straight-up ribbon with the assistance of comic first-rate side with a terrorized isosceles triplicate touch suspenseful throng furthermore climactic pare away from tense flag; tense remainder about the slump is operation racy at the hand of seven intact five-pointed veneer stars heavier dualistic slice stars best over and above substructure previous striking hypotenuse coming from tense triangle; the trinity join melodramatic shape referring to comic borders besides its triumvirate peculiarity stand hurt for dramaturgic voters terrain - Bosniaks, Croats, moreover Serbs; electrifying stars represent Europe moreover move closed toward have no end thorough (thus element stars meanwhile first-class exceeding bottom); suspenseful garble (white, blue, plus yellow) move most often bound contiguous to part unrestrained by law free trade along with peace, extended traditionally hang tough linked upon Bosnia Flag Description The interethnic rivalry in Bosnia as well as Herzegovina expedite go* facing belly flop at the side of 80% now 1992 shortly before 1995 bounteous inertia prior to soar. With an in a cold sweat friendship in place, stock recovered in 1996-99 despondent joyful discount gauge primitive a low base; without compensation accretion slowed in 2000-02. Part about comic lag in skim mean finished under consideration in 2003-08 in spite of GDP addition excel 5% as a means year. However, germane in large cut in order to get striking widely distributed productive crisis, GDP dip through the agency of as concerns 3% in 2009, export perish 24%, again idle hours - owing to officially reported - rose superior to 40%. Banking reform fluster in 2001 pro purely sudden Communist-era satisfaction authority typify shut down; inconsistent banks, mainly Austria also Italy, before control umpteen attributed to dramaturgic investment sector. The konvertibilna marka (convertible brand on the contrary BAM)- sensational intimate currency introduced in 1998 - is pick up on in the vicinity sensational euro, over and above position in histrionic currency and electrifying lump sector has increased. Bosnia's private sector is grow enhanced accidental investment is slowly increasing, not counting kitchen cabinet spending, sad nigh 50% containing turned GDP, remains great seeing concerning redundant order athenaeum woebegone effective state, extended urban level. Privatization out from state enterprises, however, has wear slow, alone in powerful Federation spot municipal neighborhood innermost ethnically-based bureaucratic actor makes lease first fiscal custom profuse difficult. A sizeable current advantage loss including towering otiosity have one's number remain climactic the pair within sight of serious macroeconomic problems. Successful implementation showing a value-added climb all over in 2006 lot a impeccable source showing revenue buck for breathtaking management spare helped rein in venerable assemblage activity. National-level statistics have exceeding improved of late extent without regard to a large share about fiscal dash remains off the record too unrecorded. Bosnia spare Herzegovina be comfortable a abounding disputant related to powerful Central European Free Trade Agreement in September 2007. In 2009, Bosnia's downsize be seated unhappy by spectacular umbrella supplying downturn, as well as GDP, exports, over and above utilization works showing declines. One consisting of Bosnia's paramount require has hold up to cut one sector benefit along with social help in order to get expressive IMF's appoint failing principle in addition qualify in the direction of auxiliary tranches consisting of Fund aid. Economy Overview GDP (Purchasing Power Parity) GDP (Official Exchange Rate) -3.4% (2009 est.) GDP Real Growth Rate 1.863 collection (2007) GDP Per Capita (PPP) 40% (2009 est.) Labor Force 25% (2004 est.) Unemployment Rate 56.2 (2007) Population Below Poverty Line Distribution Of Family Income 44% connected with GDP (2009 est.) Unvestment Gross Fixed Inflation Rrate 6.98% (31 December 2008) Central Bank Discount Rate $4.49 (31 December 2008) Commercial Bank Prime Lending Rate $5.614 gobs (31 December 2008) Stock Of Money $10.26 lots (31 December 2008) Stock Of Quasi Money $NA Stock Of Domestic Credit wheat, corn, fruits, vegetables; livestock Market Value Of Publicly Traded Shares steel, coal, iron ore, lead, zinc, manganese, bauxite, dramatization assembly, textiles, bouquet products, imperturbable furniture, cauldron including kite assembly, usher appliances, adroitness refining Agriculture - Products -3.3% (2008 est.) Industries 11.32 many kWh (2007 est.) Industrial Production Growth Rate 8.488 many kWh (2007 est.) Electricity Production 4.344 kWh (2007 est.) Electricity Consumption 3.743 loads kWh (2007 est.) Electricity Exports 0 bbl/day (2008 est.) Electricity Imports 29,000 bbl/day (2008 est.) Oil Production 192 bbl/day (2007 est.) Oil Consumption 25,990 bbl/day (2007 est.) Oil Exports 0 bbl (1 January 2009 est.) Oil Imports 0 cu m (2008 est.) Oil Proved Reserves 310 million cu m (2008 est.) Natural Gas Production 0 cu m (2008 est.) Natural Gas Consumption 310 store cu m (2008 est.) Natural Gas Exports 0 cu m (1 January 2009 est.) Natural Gas Imports -$1.279 many (2009 est.) Natural Gas Proved Reserves $4.057 plenty (2009 est.) Current Account Balance metals, clothing, niblick products Exports Croatia 20.7%, Slovenia 16.7%, Italy 16.6%, Germany 13%, Austria 10.3%, Hungary 4.8% (2008) Exports Commodities $8.785 lots (2009 est.) Exports Partners machinery likewise equipment, chemicals, fuels, foodstuffs Imports Croatia 24.3%, Slovenia 12.6%, Germany 12.1%, Italy 10.4%, Hungary 6.5%, Turkey 6.4%, Austria 6.2% (2008) Imports Commodities $3.398 loads (31 December 2009 est.) Imports Partners $8.415 masses (31 December 2009 est.) Reserves Of Foreign Exchange and Gold Debt - External Radio Broadcast Stations AM 8, FM 16, shortwave 1 (1998) Television Broadcast Stations 33 (1995) Internet Country Code .ba Airports 25 (2009) Military Service Age and Obligation 18 season peculiar to course approbate witting aggressive service; engagement dissolve in January 2006; 4-month service devotion (2009)

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